See -ar in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Icelandic",
"lang_code": "is",
"word": "-ar"
},
{
"lang": "Faroese",
"lang_code": "fo",
"word": "-ar"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"lang_code": "nn",
"word": "-ar"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Norwegian",
"lang_code": "gmq-mno",
"word": "-ar"
},
{
"lang": "Elfdalian",
"lang_code": "ovd",
"word": "-er"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"word": "-ar"
}
],
"lang": "Old Swedish",
"lang_code": "gmq-osw",
"word": "-ar"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"word": "-ar"
}
],
"lang": "Old Swedish",
"lang_code": "gmq-osw",
"word": "-ær"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"lang_code": "nb",
"word": "-er"
}
],
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"word": "-er"
},
{
"lang": "Old Frisian",
"lang_code": "ofs",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed",
"uncertain"
],
"word": "-ar"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "plural"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ōz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ōz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-oes"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-oes",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*-os",
"3": "*-es",
"nocat": "1",
"pos1": "o-stem suffix",
"pos2": "nominative plural suffix"
},
"expansion": "*-os (o-stem suffix) + *-es (nominative plural suffix)",
"name": "af"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-aniz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-aniz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ôz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ôz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-eh₂es"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂es",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*-eh₂",
"3": "*-es",
"nocat": "1",
"pos1": "eh₂-stem suffix",
"pos2": "nominative plural suffix"
},
"expansion": "*-eh₂ (eh₂-stem suffix) + *-es (nominative plural suffix)",
"name": "af"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ōz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ōz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-eh₂m̥s"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂m̥s",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*-eh₂",
"3": "*-ms",
"nocat": "1",
"pos1": "eh₂-stem suffix",
"pos2": "accusative plural suffix"
},
"expansion": "*-eh₂ (eh₂-stem suffix) + *-ms (accusative plural suffix)",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Originally multiple distinct endings:\n* In the a-stems, from Proto-Germanic *-ōz, from Proto-Indo-European *-oes, from *-os (o-stem suffix) + *-es (nominative plural suffix).\n* In the n-stems, a modification of Proto-Germanic *-aniz after the a-stems.\n* In the ō-stem nominative, from Proto-Germanic *-ôz, from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂es, from *-eh₂ (eh₂-stem suffix) + *-es (nominative plural suffix).\n* In the ō-stem accusative, from Proto-Germanic *-ōz, from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂m̥s, from *-eh₂ (eh₂-stem suffix) + *-ms (accusative plural suffix).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-ar",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Old Norse",
"lang_code": "non",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "37 32 32",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old Norse entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"masculine a-stem/n-stem indefinite nominative plural suffix"
],
"id": "en--ar-non-suffix-sZipkFtq",
"links": [
[
"indefinite",
"indefinite#English"
],
[
"nominative",
"nominative#English"
],
[
"plural",
"plural#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "37 32 32",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old Norse entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"ō-stem indefinite nominative/accusative plural suffix"
],
"id": "en--ar-non-suffix-ciunSSzo",
"links": [
[
"indefinite",
"indefinite#English"
],
[
"nominative",
"nominative#English"
],
[
"accusative",
"accusative#English"
],
[
"plural",
"plural#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ar/"
}
],
"word": "-ar"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Icelandic",
"lang_code": "is",
"word": "-ar"
},
{
"lang": "Faroese",
"lang_code": "fo",
"word": "-ar"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"lang_code": "nn",
"raw_tags": [
"fossilized"
],
"word": "-ar"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Norwegian",
"lang_code": "gmq-mno",
"word": "-ar"
},
{
"lang": "Old Swedish",
"lang_code": "gmq-osw",
"word": "-ar"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "genitive"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ōz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ōz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-eh₂s"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂s",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*-eh₂",
"3": "*-s",
"nocat": "1",
"pos1": "ō-stem suffix",
"pos2": "genitive singular suffix"
},
"expansion": "*-eh₂ (ō-stem suffix) + *-s (genitive singular suffix)",
"name": "af"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-auz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-auz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-ows"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-ows",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*-aiz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-aiz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Originally multiple distinct endings:\n* In the ō-stems, from Proto-Germanic *-ōz, from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂s, from *-eh₂ (ō-stem suffix) + *-s (genitive singular suffix).\n* In the u-stems, from Proto-Germanic *-auz, from either Proto-Indo-European *-ows or *-ews with the o-grade levelled in from other case forms.\n* In the i-stems, from Proto-Germanic *-aiz, a modification of earlier *-īz on the analogy of *-auz.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-ar",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Old Norse",
"lang_code": "non",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "37 32 32",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old Norse entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"i-stem/ō-stem/u-stem indefinite genitive singular suffix"
],
"id": "en--ar-non-suffix-wYwJpGkM",
"links": [
[
"indefinite",
"indefinite#English"
],
[
"genitive",
"genitive#English"
],
[
"singular",
"singular#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ar/"
}
],
"word": "-ar"
}
{
"categories": [
"Old Norse entries with incorrect language header",
"Old Norse inflectional suffixes",
"Old Norse lemmas",
"Old Norse suffixes",
"Pages with 28 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Icelandic",
"lang_code": "is",
"word": "-ar"
},
{
"lang": "Faroese",
"lang_code": "fo",
"word": "-ar"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"lang_code": "nn",
"word": "-ar"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Norwegian",
"lang_code": "gmq-mno",
"word": "-ar"
},
{
"lang": "Elfdalian",
"lang_code": "ovd",
"word": "-er"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"word": "-ar"
}
],
"lang": "Old Swedish",
"lang_code": "gmq-osw",
"word": "-ar"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"word": "-ar"
}
],
"lang": "Old Swedish",
"lang_code": "gmq-osw",
"word": "-ær"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"lang_code": "nb",
"word": "-er"
}
],
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"word": "-er"
},
{
"lang": "Old Frisian",
"lang_code": "ofs",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed",
"uncertain"
],
"word": "-ar"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "plural"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ōz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ōz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-oes"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-oes",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*-os",
"3": "*-es",
"nocat": "1",
"pos1": "o-stem suffix",
"pos2": "nominative plural suffix"
},
"expansion": "*-os (o-stem suffix) + *-es (nominative plural suffix)",
"name": "af"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-aniz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-aniz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ôz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ôz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-eh₂es"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂es",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*-eh₂",
"3": "*-es",
"nocat": "1",
"pos1": "eh₂-stem suffix",
"pos2": "nominative plural suffix"
},
"expansion": "*-eh₂ (eh₂-stem suffix) + *-es (nominative plural suffix)",
"name": "af"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ōz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ōz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-eh₂m̥s"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂m̥s",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*-eh₂",
"3": "*-ms",
"nocat": "1",
"pos1": "eh₂-stem suffix",
"pos2": "accusative plural suffix"
},
"expansion": "*-eh₂ (eh₂-stem suffix) + *-ms (accusative plural suffix)",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Originally multiple distinct endings:\n* In the a-stems, from Proto-Germanic *-ōz, from Proto-Indo-European *-oes, from *-os (o-stem suffix) + *-es (nominative plural suffix).\n* In the n-stems, a modification of Proto-Germanic *-aniz after the a-stems.\n* In the ō-stem nominative, from Proto-Germanic *-ôz, from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂es, from *-eh₂ (eh₂-stem suffix) + *-es (nominative plural suffix).\n* In the ō-stem accusative, from Proto-Germanic *-ōz, from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂m̥s, from *-eh₂ (eh₂-stem suffix) + *-ms (accusative plural suffix).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-ar",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Old Norse",
"lang_code": "non",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"masculine a-stem/n-stem indefinite nominative plural suffix"
],
"links": [
[
"indefinite",
"indefinite#English"
],
[
"nominative",
"nominative#English"
],
[
"plural",
"plural#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"ō-stem indefinite nominative/accusative plural suffix"
],
"links": [
[
"indefinite",
"indefinite#English"
],
[
"nominative",
"nominative#English"
],
[
"accusative",
"accusative#English"
],
[
"plural",
"plural#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ar/"
}
],
"word": "-ar"
}
{
"categories": [
"Old Norse entries with incorrect language header",
"Old Norse inflectional suffixes",
"Old Norse lemmas",
"Old Norse suffixes",
"Pages with 28 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Icelandic",
"lang_code": "is",
"word": "-ar"
},
{
"lang": "Faroese",
"lang_code": "fo",
"word": "-ar"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"lang_code": "nn",
"raw_tags": [
"fossilized"
],
"word": "-ar"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Norwegian",
"lang_code": "gmq-mno",
"word": "-ar"
},
{
"lang": "Old Swedish",
"lang_code": "gmq-osw",
"word": "-ar"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "genitive"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ōz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ōz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-eh₂s"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂s",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*-eh₂",
"3": "*-s",
"nocat": "1",
"pos1": "ō-stem suffix",
"pos2": "genitive singular suffix"
},
"expansion": "*-eh₂ (ō-stem suffix) + *-s (genitive singular suffix)",
"name": "af"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-auz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-auz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-ows"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-ows",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*-aiz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-aiz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Originally multiple distinct endings:\n* In the ō-stems, from Proto-Germanic *-ōz, from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂s, from *-eh₂ (ō-stem suffix) + *-s (genitive singular suffix).\n* In the u-stems, from Proto-Germanic *-auz, from either Proto-Indo-European *-ows or *-ews with the o-grade levelled in from other case forms.\n* In the i-stems, from Proto-Germanic *-aiz, a modification of earlier *-īz on the analogy of *-auz.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-ar",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Old Norse",
"lang_code": "non",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"i-stem/ō-stem/u-stem indefinite genitive singular suffix"
],
"links": [
[
"indefinite",
"indefinite#English"
],
[
"genitive",
"genitive#English"
],
[
"singular",
"singular#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ar/"
}
],
"word": "-ar"
}
Download raw JSONL data for -ar meaning in Old Norse (6.1kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Old Norse dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-03-25 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-03-03 using wiktextract (05c257f and 9d9a410). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.